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However, it can be still much more complex than the traditional client-server topology found in centralized VCS.
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In practice, projects impose some restrictions on this topology freedom. This scenario generates traffic similar to that of peer-to-peer applications. This may lead to complex topologies where changes can be sent to or received from any clone. ( 1998), allowing several repositories to coexist with fragments of the project history. ( 2011) show that even using modern DVCSs, conflicts during merges are frequent, persistent, and appear not only as overlapping textual edits (i.e., physical conflicts) but also as subsequent build (i.e., syntactic conflicts) and test failures (i.e., semantic conflicts).īy enabling repository clones, DVCSs expand the branching possibilities discussed by Appleton et al. These conflicts are noticed only after pulling changes in the context of DVCSs. ( 2006) say that branches are frequently used for promoting isolation among developers, postponing the perception of conflicts that result from changes made by co-workers. ( 1998), concurrent development increases the number of defects in software. The increasing growth of development teams and their distribution along distant locations, together with the proliferation of branches, introduce additional complexity for perceiving actions performed in parallel by different developers.
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However, distributed software development, especially from the geographical perspective (Gumm 2006), brings a set of risk factors, and Configuration Management (CM) is affected by them. DVCSs include better support for working with branches (O’Sullivan 2009b), turning the branch creation into a recurring pattern, no matter if this creation is explicitly done by executing a “branch” command or implicitly when a repository is cloned. According to Walrad and Strom (Walrad and Strom 2002), creating branches in VCSs is essential to software development because it enables parallel development, allowing the maintenance of different versions of a system, the customization to different platforms/customers, among other features. This clearly shows momentum and a strong tendency in the adoption of DVCSs in the open source community.īesides these changes from local to client-server and then to a distributed architecture, the concurrency control policy adopted by VCSs also changed from lock-based (pessimistic) to branch-based (optimistic). During this same period, Subversion and CVS combined usage decreased from 71 to 34.4%.
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According to a survey conducted by the Eclipse community ( 2014), Git and GitHub combined usage increased from 6.8 to 42.9% between 20 (a growth greater than 500%). More recently, distributed VCSs (DVCS) arose (e.g., Git (Chacon 2009) and Mercurial (O’Sullivan 2009a)) allowing clones of the entire repository in different locations. Along these almost 40 years, VCSs have evolved from a centralized repository with local access (e.g., SCCS and RCS (Tichy 1985)) to a client-server architecture (e.g., CVS (Cederqvist 2005) and Subversion (Collins-Sussman et al. Their primary purpose is to keep software development under control (Estublier 2000). Version Control Systems (VCS) date back to the 70s when SCCS emerged (Rochkind 1975).